Japans notorious for its exhaustive work culture , one that has employees spending long hours in the office.
- After a long work day, some workers are known to turn to
drinking at local bars to blow off some steam. - But, after too many drinks, they’ll sometimes miss the last train home and have no other choice than to get some shut-eye on the streets of the city’s
center . - Warsaw-born photographer Pawel Jaszczuk captured the phenomenon of the slumbering ”
salarymen , ” as they’re known in Japan, and compiled the images in a photo series and book titled “High Fashion.” - The resulting photos show just how vigorous Japanese corporate culture can be.
Jaszczuk, who divides his time and work between Warsaw and Japan, told Business Insider that he was living in Tokyo when he began to notice a unique phenomenon.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
In the wee hours of the night, he noticed men dressed in business suits fast asleep on the streets of Tokyo.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“The contrast between well-dressed men and the street got my attention,” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
In 2008, he started photographing the sleeping businessmen that he would come across.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Jaszczuk’s photos show some taking to city benches, fences, and subway platforms to get a little shut eye …
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
… others are shown simply dozing off standing up.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
The more and more he shot, the more common of a phenomenon he said it seemed to be.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Jaszczuk said the slumbering businessmen are easy to find for the most part, if you know where to look for them.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
He said he knew that perusing nearby train stations and karaoke bars would always prove fruitful.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“After some research, I knew which areas would be the best, because they are not everywhere,” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
And Tokyo’s Shinjuku and Shimbashi districts in particular, known for their business, commercial, and entertainment centers, were also full of dozing employees, he said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
But he would also occasionally find some one-offs elsewhere.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“That’s why I was moving all the time,” he said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
For more than two years, Jaszczuk said he worked almost every night taking photos of the sleeping workers.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Jaszczuk said he navigated the streets at night by bicycle.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Biking around “did the job perfectly,” he said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“I was hunting,” he said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Although he said he would come across many sleeping businessmen …
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
… he said he didn’t include photographs of everyone he found in his series.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“I am very picky, I was carefully selecting them among many,” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
He said that he was looking for style, beauty, and oddity in the slumbering subjects he photographed.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
He compiled the images into a book, “High Fashion,” that was published in 2018.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Amazon
Since he was taking photos at night, Jaszczuk said he needed something to light his subjects.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
He said he always used a flash, albeit a small one.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Despite the bright flash of light with each shot, he said it didn’t bother his subjects.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“They never woke up, ever,” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“I’m quick, even when there is plenty of time to shoot,” he said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
He said he never had problems of any kind with the sleeping salarymen.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Neither passersby nor the authorities gave him trouble, either.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
The photographer said that in his photo work, he usually knows what kind of message he wants to convey before embarking on a project.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
But with “High Fashion,” it was a bit different.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“The visual part appears first, the message came later,” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
After just the first few photos were taken, Jaszczuk said he began to explore that message: a cultural phenomenon that had these businessmen sleeping on the streets in between work days.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
In fact, Jaszczuk said what he had begun capturing was a symptom of Japan’s notorious culture of overwork.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
The culture of overwork can be so intense in Japan that businessmen, called “salarymen” in Japanese culture, have died from overworking themselves.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
There’s even a name for the phenomenon: karoshi, which translates to “death by overwork.”
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
A 2016 report revealed that more than 20% of people in a survey of 10,000 Japanese workers said they worked at least 80 hours of overtime a month.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
The term “inemuri,” which translates to “sleeping on duty” or “sleeping while present,” describes a cultural phenomenon in Japan that praises napping in public, which implies that an employee has worked him or herself to exhaustion.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Brigitte Steger, a senior lecturer in Japanese studies at Downing College, Cambridge, told The New York Times that inemuri, a thousand-year-old practice in Japan, is more prevalent in white-collar professions.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
That’s because employees are more likely to be sedentary and can afford to doze off in meetings and the like.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
After putting in a long workday, it’s also customary for some salarymen in Japan to drink and socialize with their colleagues.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Jaszczuk told Business Insider that it is socially acceptable in Japan to hit the bars after work.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider and Pawel Jaszczuk
But even more than that, Jazczuk said workers can sometimes feel an obligation to drink with their coworkers and bosses after work hours.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: GaijinPot Blog
After too many drinks, and having missed the last train that would take them home, some workers are left stranded in the city center.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: The Guardian
He said when morning comes, he’s never seen them awake from their sleep.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
But he’s heard that they simply get up and walk back to the office to start the new day.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
As for the men themselves, Jaszczuk said they’re a product of their work culture.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
“These men are the victims of modern life in Japan,” Jaszczuk told Business Insider.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
He said that they are physically “devastated by the after-effects of working long hours.”
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
“Don’t judge them too [hastily,]” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
While most of the subjects he photographed were fast asleep…
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
… even if they were slightly awake, Jaszczuk said he could see how worn out they were.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“When their faces happen to reflect consciousness at all, we see someone completely used, overworked, and exhausted,” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
The cultural expectation in Japan to devote so much time to work is nothing new.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
The karoshi phenomenon, the phrase used to describe overwork-related deaths, dates back to the post-World War II era in the early 1950s.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Determined to rebuild Japan’s economy, the then-prime minister Shigeru Yoshida turned to major corporations to incentivize workers into devoting more time to their work.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
The plan clearly worked, since Japan’s economy is now the third largest in the world.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
But an unintended side effect was an ailment spurred by the burdensome levels of stress and exhaustion.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Strokes and heart failure became more common for Japanese employees.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Decades later, karoshi-related deaths are still occurring.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Most recently, a 31-year-old journalist named Miwa Sado died of heart failure in July 2013 after reportedly logging 159 hours of overtime in a one-month period.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Her death was determined to be karoshi in October 2017.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
When employees’ deaths are classified as karoshi, Japanese corporations are forced to pay a fine.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Sado’s employer only had to pay what amounts to $5,000 USD in fines following her death.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
The Japanese government has taken some measures to increase a work-life balance in addition to implementing fines on corporations whose employees die of karoshi-related causes.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
One of them is a Premium Friday plan launched in 2017 that would give workers the option to leave at 3 p.m. on the last Friday of each month.
But it’s seen little success.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Working overtime remains a pervasive aspect of corporate culture in Japan.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
Source: Business Insider
Jaszczuk said he wanted his photos to convey that.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
“I want to say something when something needs to be said,” Jaszczuk said.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk
He said he felt it necessary to bring attention to how overstressed Japanese workers are regularly.
Courtesy of Pawel Jaszczuk